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Numerical label used to identify a network interface in an IP network

Not to be confused with IP Code.

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label such as 192.0.2.1 that is connected to a computer network that uses the Net Protocol for communication.[1] [two] An IP address serves two primary functions: network interface identification and location addressing.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address every bit a 32-bit number.[2] However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998.[three] [4] [5] IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.

IP addresses are written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 192.0.2.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6. The size of the routing prefix of the accost is designated in CIDR notation by suffixing the address with the number of significant $.25, east.thousand., 192.0.2.1 / 24 , which is equivalent to the historically used subnet mask 255.255.255.0 .

The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five regional Cyberspace registries (RIRs) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to local Internet registries, such as Cyberspace service providers (ISPs), and other end users. IPv4 addresses were distributed past IANA to the RIRs in blocks of approximately sixteen.eight one thousand thousand addresses each, but take been wearied at the IANA level since 2011. But one of the RIRs even so has a supply for local assignments in Africa.[vi] Some IPv4 addresses are reserved for individual networks and are non globally unique.

Network administrators assign an IP accost to each device connected to a network. Such assignments may be on a static (fixed or permanent) or dynamic ground, depending on network practices and software features.

Function

An IP address serves two master functions: it identifies the host, or more than specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of establishing a path to that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A proper name indicates what nosotros seek. An address indicates where it is. A road indicates how to go there."[2] The header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the sending host and that of the destination host.

IP versions

Ii versions of the Internet Protocol are in mutual use on the Internet today. The original version of the Internet Protocol that was first deployed in 1983 in the ARPANET, the predecessor of the Cyberspace, is Net Protocol version 4 (IPv4).

The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space bachelor for assignment to Internet service providers and end-user organizations by the early on 1990s, prompted the Internet Engineering Chore Force (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the addressing capability on the Net. The effect was a redesign of the Cyberspace Protocol which became somewhen known as Internet Protocol Version half-dozen (IPv6) in 1995.[3] [4] [five] IPv6 engineering was in diverse testing stages until the mid-2000s when commercial production deployment commenced.

Today, these two versions of the Internet Protocol are in simultaneous utilise. Among other technical changes, each version defines the format of addresses differently. Because of the historical prevalence of IPv4, the generic term IP accost typically nonetheless refers to the addresses divers by IPv4. The gap in version sequence betwixt IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of version 5 to the experimental Cyberspace Stream Protocol in 1979, which however was never referred to every bit IPv5.

Other versions v1 to v9 were defined, but only v4 and v6 ever gained widespread use. v1 and v2 were names for TCP protocols in 1974 and 1977, every bit at that place was no separate IP specification at the time. v3 was divers in 1978, and v3.i is the kickoff version where TCP is separated from IP. v6 is a synthesis of several suggested versions, v6 Simple Internet Protocol, v7 TP/Ix: The Next Cyberspace, v8 PIP — The P Internet Protocol, and v9 TUBA — Tcp & Udp with Big Addresses.[7]

Subnetworks

IP networks may be divided into subnetworks in both IPv4 and IPv6. For this purpose, an IP address is recognized as consisting of 2 parts: the network prefix in the high-order bits and the remaining bits called the rest field, host identifier, or interface identifier (IPv6), used for host numbering within a network.[1] The subnet mask or CIDR notation determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts.

The term subnet mask is only used inside IPv4. Both IP versions however employ the CIDR concept and notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the network part, too called the routing prefix. For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may exist 192.0.ii.1 and 255.255.255.0 , respectively. The CIDR note for the aforementioned IP accost and subnet is 192.0.2.i / 24 , because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet.

IPv4 addresses

An IPv4 accost has a size of 32 $.25, which limits the address space to 4294 967 296 (ii32) addresses. Of this number, some addresses are reserved for special purposes such equally individual networks (~18 million addresses) and multicast addressing (~270 million addresses).

IPv4 addresses are unremarkably represented in dot-decimal notation, consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, east.m., 192.0.2.1 . Each part represents a group of 8 bits (an octet) of the address.[8] In some cases of technical writing,[ specify ] IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal, octal, or binary representations.

Subnetting history

In the early stages of evolution of the Internet Protocol, the network number was always the highest society octet (most significant eight bits). Because this method allowed for only 256 networks, information technology before long proved inadequate every bit additional networks developed that were independent of the existing networks already designated past a network number. In 1981, the addressing specification was revised with the introduction of classful network architecture.[2]

Classful network design immune for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained subnetwork pattern. The first three bits of the most meaning octet of an IP accost were defined as the class of the address. Three classes (A, B, and C) were defined for universal unicast addressing. Depending on the grade derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the unabridged address. Each grade used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher lodge classes (B and C). The following table gives an overview of this at present-obsolete organisation.

Historical classful network architecture
Class Leading
bits 		Size of network
number bit field 		Size of rest
fleck field 		Number
of networks 		Number of addresses
per network 		Start accost End address
A 0 viii 24 128 (27) 16777 216 (two24) 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
B ten 16 16 16384 (214) 65536 (2sixteen) 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
C 110 24 8 2097 152 (221) 256 (2eight) 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255

Classful network pattern served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but information technology lacked scalability in the face of the rapid expansion of networking in the 1990s. The class arrangement of the address space was replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes. Today, remnants of classful network concepts office only in a express scope as the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.1000. netmask), and in the technical jargon used in network administrators' discussions.

Private addresses

Early network design, when global cease-to-cease connectivity was envisioned for communications with all Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be globally unique. However, it was institute that this was not always necessary every bit private networks adult and public address space needed to exist conserved.

Computers not connected to the Net, such as factory machines that communicate just with each other via TCP/IP, need non have globally unique IP addresses. Today, such private networks are widely used and typically connect to the Net with network accost translation (NAT), when needed.

Three not-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks are reserved.[9] These addresses are non routed on the Internet and thus their use need non be coordinated with an IP address registry. Whatsoever user may employ any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network ambassador will divide a cake into subnets; for example, many habitation routers automatically use a default address range of 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.0.255 ( 192.168.0.0 / 24 ).

Reserved private IPv4 network ranges[9]
Name CIDR cake Address range Number of addresses Classful description
24-flake block ten.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 16777 216 Unmarried Class A.
20-flake block 172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 one048 576 Contiguous range of 16 Form B blocks.
16-chip block 192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 65536 Contiguous range of 256 Class C blocks.

IPv6 addresses

Decomposition of an IPv6 address from hexadecimal representation to its binary value

In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 $.25 in IPv4 to 128 bits, thus providing upward to two128 (approximately 3.403×ten38 ) addresses. This is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future.

The intent of the new design was non to provide merely a sufficient quantity of addresses, but also redesign routing in the Internet by allowing more than efficient aggregation of subnetwork routing prefixes. This resulted in slower growth of routing tables in routers. The smallest possible private resource allotment is a subnet for two64 hosts, which is the square of the size of the unabridged IPv4 Net. At these levels, actual accost utilization ratios will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The new design also provides the opportunity to separate the addressing infrastructure of a network segment, i.east. the local administration of the segment'southward available space, from the addressing prefix used to route traffic to and from external networks. IPv6 has facilities that automatically modify the routing prefix of entire networks, should the global connectivity or the routing policy change, without requiring internal redesign or manual renumbering.

The large number of IPv6 addresses allows large blocks to be assigned for specific purposes and, where appropriate, to exist aggregated for efficient routing. With a large address space, at that place is no need to accept complex address conservation methods as used in CIDR.

All modern desktop and enterprise server operating systems include native back up for IPv6, only information technology is non yet widely deployed in other devices, such equally residential networking routers, vocalism over IP (VoIP) and multimedia equipment, and some networking hardware.

Private addresses

Just equally IPv4 reserves addresses for private networks, blocks of addresses are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6, these are referred to equally unique local addresses (ULAs). The routing prefix fc00:: / vii is reserved for this cake,[x] which is divided into ii / 8 blocks with different implied policies. The addresses include a 40-bit pseudorandom number that minimizes the adventure of address collisions if sites merge or packets are misrouted.

Early practices used a different block for this purpose ( fec0:: ), dubbed site-local addresses.[11] However, the definition of what constituted a site remained unclear and the poorly defined addressing policy created ambiguities for routing. This address type was abandoned and must non be used in new systems.[12]

Addresses starting with fe80:: , called link-local addresses, are assigned to interfaces for communication on the attached link. The addresses are automatically generated by the operating system for each network interface. This provides instant and automated communication between all IPv6 hosts on a link. This feature is used in the lower layers of IPv6 network administration, such as for the Neighbor Discovery Protocol.

Private and link-local address prefixes may not exist routed on the public Internet.

IP address consignment

IP addresses are assigned to a host either dynamically every bit they bring together the network, or persistently by configuration of the host hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP address. In dissimilarity, when a estimator'due south IP address is assigned each time it restarts, this is known as using a dynamic IP address.

Dynamic IP addresses are assigned by network using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP is the most frequently used engineering science for assigning addresses. It avoids the administrative burden of assigning specific static addresses to each device on a network. It besides allows devices to share the limited address space on a network if merely some of them are online at a detail time. Typically, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default in modern desktop operating systems.

The accost assigned with DHCP is associated with a lease and normally has an expiration period. If the charter is not renewed by the host before expiry, the address may be assigned to another device. Some DHCP implementations attempt to reassign the same IP address to a host, based on its MAC accost, each fourth dimension it joins the network. A network administrator may configure DHCP by allocating specific IP addresses based on MAC address.

DHCP is not the merely engineering science used to assign IP addresses dynamically. Bootstrap Protocol is a similar protocol and predecessor to DHCP. Dialup and some broadband networks employ dynamic accost features of the Betoken-to-Indicate Protocol.

Computers and equipment used for the network infrastructure, such equally routers and mail servers, are typically configured with static addressing.

In the absence or failure of static or dynamic address configurations, an operating system may assign a link-local address to a host using stateless accost autoconfiguration.

Sticky dynamic IP address

Sticky is an informal term used to draw a dynamically assigned IP address that seldom changes. IPv4 addresses, for instance, are usually assigned with DHCP, and a DHCP service tin use rules that maximize the adventure of assigning the aforementioned address each time a client asks for an assignment. In IPv6, a prefix delegation can be handled similarly, to make changes as rare as viable. In a typical home or small-function setup, a single router is the but device visible to an Internet service provider (Internet service provider), and the ISP may try to provide a configuration that is every bit stable as feasible, i.e. sticky. On the local network of the abode or business, a local DHCP server may be designed to provide pasty IPv4 configurations, and the ISP may provide a sticky IPv6 prefix delegation, giving clients the option to employ sticky IPv6 addresses. Sticky should not exist confused with static; glutinous configurations accept no guarantee of stability, while static configurations are used indefinitely and only inverse deliberately. [ citation needed ]

Address autoconfiguration

Address block 169.254.0.0 / sixteen is defined for the special use of link-local addressing for IPv4 networks.[13] In IPv6, every interface, whether using static or dynamic addresses, as well receives a link-local address automatically in the block fe80:: / 10 .[xiii] These addresses are only valid on the link, such equally a local network segment or indicate-to-point connection, to which a host is connected. These addresses are not routable and, like private addresses, cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the Internet.

When the link-local IPv4 address block was reserved, no standards existed for mechanisms of accost autoconfiguration. Filling the void, Microsoft developed a protocol called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA), whose first public implementation appeared in Windows 98.[14] APIPA has been deployed on millions of machines and became a de facto standard in the industry. In May 2005, the IETF defined a formal standard for it.[15]

Addressing conflicts

An IP address disharmonize occurs when two devices on the same local physical or wireless network claim to have the same IP address. A second assignment of an address mostly stops the IP functionality of one or both of the devices. Many modernistic operating systems notify the ambassador of IP accost conflicts.[xvi] [17] When IP addresses are assigned by multiple people and systems with differing methods, any of them may be at fault.[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] If one of the devices involved in the conflict is the default gateway access across the LAN for all devices on the LAN, all devices may be impaired.

Routing

IP addresses are classified into several classes of operational characteristics: unicast, multicast, anycast and broadcast addressing.

Unicast addressing

The nigh common concept of an IP address is in unicast addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It normally refers to a unmarried sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. Usually, a unicast address is associated with a unmarried device or host, but a device or host may take more than one unicast accost. Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to transport all the data many times over, once for each recipient.

Broadcast addressing

Dissemination is an addressing technique available in IPv4 to address information to all possible destinations on a network in one transmission functioning every bit an all-hosts broadcast. All receivers capture the network packet. The address 255.255.255.255 is used for network broadcast. In addition, a more limited directed circulate uses the all-ones host address with the network prefix. For instance, the destination accost used for directed broadcast to devices on the network 192.0.two.0 / 24 is 192.0.ii.255 .

IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces information technology with multicast to the peculiarly defined all-nodes multicast address.

Multicast addressing

A multicast address is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 (the former Class D addresses) are designated equally multicast addresses.[23] IPv6 uses the address block with the prefix ff00:: / viii for multicast. In either case, the sender sends a single datagram from its unicast address to the multicast group accost and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all interested receivers (those that accept joined the corresponding multicast group).

Anycast addressing

Like circulate and multicast, anycast is a ane-to-many routing topology. Nonetheless, the information stream is not transmitted to all receivers, only the one which the router decides is closest in the network. Anycast addressing is a built-in feature of IPv6.[24] [25] In IPv4, anycast addressing is implemented with Border Gateway Protocol using the shortest-path metric to cull destinations. Anycast methods are useful for global load balancing and are commonly used in distributed DNS systems.

Geolocation

A host may use geolocation software to deduce the geographic position of its communicating peer.[26]

Public address

A public IP address is a globally routable unicast IP address, significant that the address is not an address reserved for use in private networks, such every bit those reserved by RFC 1918, or the diverse IPv6 accost formats of local scope or site-local scope, for instance for link-local addressing. Public IP addresses may exist used for communication betwixt hosts on the global Internet. In a home state of affairs, a public IP address is the IP address assigned to the abode'south network by the Internet access provider. In this instance, it is likewise locally visible by logging into the router configuration.[27]

Most public IP addresses change, and relatively oftentimes. Any type of IP address that changes is chosen a dynamic IP address. In dwelling networks, the ISP usually assigns a dynamic IP. If an Isp gave a home network an unchanging address, it's more likely to be abused by customers who host websites from home, or by hackers who can try the same IP accost over and over until they breach a network.[28]

Firewalling

For security and privacy considerations, network administrators frequently want to restrict public Internet traffic within their private networks. The source and destination IP addresses contained in the headers of each IP packet are a convenient means to discriminate traffic past IP address blocking or by selectively tailoring responses to external requests to internal servers. This is accomplished with firewall software running on the network's gateway router. A database of IP addresses of restricted and permissible traffic may exist maintained in blacklists and whitelists, respectively.

Address translation

Multiple client devices can appear to share an IP address, either because they are part of a shared web hosting service environment or considering an IPv4 network address translator (NAT) or proxy server acts as an intermediary agent on behalf of the client, in which example the real originating IP address is masked from the server receiving a request. A mutual practice is to have a NAT mask many devices in a individual network. Only the public interface(s) of the NAT needs to have an Internet-routable address.[29]

The NAT device maps different IP addresses on the individual network to different TCP or UDP port numbers on the public network. In residential networks, NAT functions are normally implemented in a residential gateway. In this scenario, the computers connected to the router have individual IP addresses and the router has a public accost on its external interface to communicate on the Net. The internal computers appear to share one public IP accost.

Diagnostic tools

Estimator operating systems provide diverse diagnostic tools to examine network interfaces and address configuration. Microsoft Windows provides the command-line interface tools ipconfig and netsh and users of Unix-like systems may use ifconfig, netstat, route, lanstat, fstat, and iproute2 utilities to attain the chore.

See also

  • Hostname
  • IP address spoofing
  • IP aliasing
  • IP multicast
  • List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks
  • Reverse DNS lookup
  • Virtual IP address
  • WHOIS

References

  1. ^ a b RFC 760, DOD Standard Internet Protocol, DARPA, Information Sciences Constitute (January 1980).
  2. ^ a b c d J. Postel, ed. (September 1981). Net Protocol, DARPA Internet Plan Protocol Specification. IETF. doi:x.17487/RFC0791. RFC 791. Updated by RFC 1349, 2474, 6864.
  3. ^ a b S. Deering; R. Hinden (December 1995). Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1883. RFC 1883.
  4. ^ a b S. Deering; R. Hinden (December 1998). Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification. Network Working Grouping. doi:x.17487/RFC2460. RFC 2460.
  5. ^ a b Southward. Deering; R. Hinden (July 2017). Net Protocol, Version vi (IPv6) Specification. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC8200. RFC 8200.
  6. ^ "IPv4 Address Written report".
  7. ^ DeLong, Owen. "Why does IP have versions? Why practise I intendance?" (PDF). Scale15x . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  8. ^ "IPv4 and IPv6 address formats". www.ibm.com. An IPv4 accost has the following format: x . x . x . x where x is called an octet and must be a decimal value between 0 and 255. Octets are separated by periods. An IPv4 address must contain 3 periods and 4 octets. The following examples are valid IPv4 addresses:
    1 . 2 . 3 . 4
    01 . 102 . 103 . 104
  9. ^ a b Y. Rekhter; B. Moskowitz; D. Karrenberg; G. J. de Groot; Due east. Lear (February 1996). Address Allocation for Private Internets. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1918. BCP 5. RFC 1918. Updated by RFC 6761.
  10. ^ R. Hinden; B. Haberman (October 2005). Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4193. RFC 4193.
  11. ^ R. Hinden; S. Deering (April 2003). Internet Protocol Version vi (IPv6) Addressing Architecture. Network Working Group. doi:x.17487/RFC3513. RFC 3513. Obsoleted by RFC 4291.
  12. ^ C. Huitema; B. Carpenter (September 2004). Deprecating Site Local Addresses. Network Working Group. doi:x.17487/RFC3879. RFC 3879.
  13. ^ a b Thou. Cotton; L. Vegoda; R. Bonica; B. Haberman (April 2013). Special-Purpose IP Address Registries. Internet Technology Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6890. BCP 153. RFC 6890. Updated by RFC 8190.
  14. ^ "DHCP and Automatic Private IP Addressing". docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  15. ^ Southward. Cheshire; B. Aboba; Eastward. Guttman (May 2005). Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses. Network Working Grouping. doi:ten.17487/RFC3927. RFC 3927.
  16. ^ "Event ID 4198 — TCP/IP Network Interface Configuration". TechNet. Microsoft Docs . Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  17. ^ "Event ID 4199 — TCP/IP Network Interface Configuration". TechNet. Microsoft Docs . Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  18. ^ Mitchell, Bradley. "IP Address Conflicts – What Is an IP Address Conflict?". Virtually.com. Archived from the original on 13 Apr 2014. Retrieved 23 Nov 2013.
  19. ^ Kishore, Aseem (4 Baronial 2009). "How to Gear up an IP Address Disharmonize". Online Tech Tips Online-tech-tips.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  20. ^ "Get help with "In that location is an IP address conflict" message". Microsoft. 22 Nov 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 23 Nov 2013.
  21. ^ "Fix duplicate IP address conflicts on a DHCP network". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 28 Dec 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2013. Commodity ID: 133490 – Concluding Review: xv Oct 2013 – Revision: 5.0
  22. ^ Moran, Joseph (one September 2010). "Agreement And Resolving IP Accost Conflicts - Webopedia.com". Webopedia.com. Archived from the original on two October 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  23. ^ M. Cotton; L. Vegoda; D. Meyer (March 2010). IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments. IETF. doi:ten.17487/RFC5771. ISSN 2070-1721. BCP 51. RFC 5771.
  24. ^ RFC 2526
  25. ^ RFC 4291
  26. ^ Holdener, Anthony T. (2011). HTML5 Geolocation . O'Reilly Media. p. eleven. ISBN9781449304720.
  27. ^ "How to Find Your Public IP Address".
  28. ^ "Why Public IP Addresses Change".
  29. ^ Comer, Douglas (2000). Internetworking with TCP/IP:Principles, Protocols, and Architectures – fourth ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 394. ISBN978-0-13-018380-4. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010.

what can i do with someone's ip address

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address

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